CHIANG MAI IS A RECTANGULAR CITY - HOW DID THE ANCIENTS POSITION THE CITY WALLS

29 December 2024

1. Overview of the Rectangular-Shaped City Construction Theory

The theory explains how Chiang Mai, a rectangular city, was constructed using ancient methods to align its walls and moat with the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west).

It draws on advanced techniques involving sunlight, shadows, and precise measurements, reflecting the wisdom of ancient civilisations.

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2. Key Principles

Alignment with Cardinal Directions:

The city's layout aligns perfectly with the four cardinal points for accuracy and symbolic meaning.

Use of Shadows and Geometry:

The process relies on the shadow of a pole to determine the directions.

Triangular measurement tools (Jua) and ropes are used to calculate positions and create squares.

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3. Step-by-Step Process

1. Levelling the Ground:

A large flat area is created for accurate measurements.

A pole (14 metres) is set vertically using plumb lines.

2. Marking Shadows:

The shadow of the pole is traced throughout the day.

Positions at morning and afternoon are used to create a curved shadow line.

3. Establishing Directions:

Ropes are used to stretch diagonally from morning and afternoon shadow points to identify cardinal directions.

A plus-sign-like layout is created for further staking.

4. Square Layout:

A square is drawn using stakes and ropes, centred on the crossing point of cardinal directions.

5. Expanding the Layout:

Additional calculations extend the square into larger shapes to define the city’s moat and walls.

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4. Significance

The process ensures:

Highly accurate city planning.

Symbolic alignment with the cosmos and cultural beliefs.

Practicality for defence and urban organisation.

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5. Application

This method was used not only for Chiang Mai but also reflects broader Eastern architectural practices like Angkor Wat.

It highlights the sophisticated understanding of geometry and astronomy in ancient city planning.

29 Desember 2024

1. Gambaran Teori Konstruksi Kota Berbentuk Persegi Panjang

Teori ini menjelaskan bagaimana Chiang Mai, sebuah kota berbentuk persegi panjang, dibangun menggunakan metode kuno untuk menyelaraskan tembok dan paritnya dengan arah mata angin utama (utara, selatan, timur, barat).

Teori ini memanfaatkan teknik canggih yang melibatkan sinar matahari, bayangan, dan pengukuran yang presisi, mencerminkan kebijaksanaan peradaban kuno.

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2. Prinsip Utama

Penyelarasan dengan Arah Mata Angin:

Tata letak kota ini selaras sempurna dengan empat titik mata angin utama untuk memastikan akurasi dan makna simbolis.

Penggunaan Bayangan dan Geometri:

Prosesnya bergantung pada bayangan sebuah tiang untuk menentukan arah.

Alat pengukur berbentuk segitiga (Jua) dan tali digunakan untuk menghitung posisi dan membuat bentuk persegi.

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3. Proses Langkah demi Langkah

1. Meratakan Tanah:

Sebuah area datar yang luas dibuat untuk pengukuran yang akurat.

Sebuah tiang (14 meter) didirikan secara vertikal menggunakan garis tegak lurus.

2. Menandai Bayangan:

Bayangan tiang dilacak sepanjang hari.

Posisi bayangan pagi dan sore digunakan untuk menciptakan garis bayangan melengkung.

3. Menentukan Arah:

Tali digunakan untuk meregang secara diagonal dari titik bayangan pagi dan sore untuk mengidentifikasi arah mata angin.

Tata letak seperti tanda tambah dibuat untuk penancapan lebih lanjut.

4. Membuat Tata Letak Persegi:

Sebuah persegi digambar menggunakan patok dan tali, dengan pusat pada titik perpotongan arah mata angin.

5. Memperluas Tata Letak:

Perhitungan tambahan memperluas persegi menjadi bentuk yang lebih besar untuk menentukan parit dan tembok kota.

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4. Pentingnya Proses

Proses ini memastikan:

Perencanaan kota yang sangat akurat.

Penyelarasan simbolis dengan kosmos dan keyakinan budaya.

Kepraktisan untuk pertahanan dan organisasi perkotaan.

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5. Penerapan

Metode ini digunakan tidak hanya untuk Chiang Mai tetapi juga mencerminkan praktik arsitektur Timur yang lebih luas, seperti Angkor Wat.

Hal ini menunjukkan pemahaman yang canggih tentang geometri dan astronomi dalam perencanaan kota kuno.

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EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BY DANIEL GOLEMAN book summary

Summary of key themes and insights from Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman:

 

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1. Definition of Emotional Intelligence

Goleman popularises the concept of emotional intelligence (EI), which he defines as the ability to:

• Recognise, understand, and manage our own emotions.
• Recognise, understand, and influence the emotions of others.

Emotional intelligence is presented as a distinct form of intelligence that differs from traditional measures of IQ (cognitive intelligence).

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2. Components of Emotional Intelligence

Goleman identifies five core components of EI, grouped as follows:

1. Self-Awareness

   • Recognising one’s emotions and their impact.
   • Accurate self-assessment of strengths and weaknesses.
   • Developing self-confidence based on an honest perception of abilities.

2. Self-Regulation (or Self-Management)

   • Managing or redirecting disruptive impulses and moods.
   • Thinking before acting.
   • Maintaining trustworthiness, integrity, and an openness to change.

3. Motivation

   • Having the drive to pursue goals with energy and persistence.
   • Remaining optimistic even in the face of setbacks.
   • Developing a passion for internal reasons (e.g., personal growth) rather than external rewards.

4. Empathy

   • Understanding others’ feelings and perspectives.
   • Anticipating and meeting others’ needs.
   • Cultivating compassion, tolerance, and open communication.

5. Social Skills

   • Building strong relationships, rapport, and networks.
   • Managing conflict, finding common ground, and fostering cooperation.
   • Communicating clearly, leading effectively, and creating positive influence.

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3. The Importance of EI Over IQ

A core argument in the book is that traditional IQ accounts for only a limited portion of an individual’s success and personal well-being. Emotional intelligence, Goleman contends, can be a better predictor of:

• Relationship quality
• Leadership ability
• Adaptability
• Overall success in life and work

He illustrates how high cognitive intelligence (IQ) does not guarantee good emotional or social outcomes, whereas strong EI skills often correlate with more fulfilling interpersonal relationships and personal achievements.

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4. Effects in Childhood and Adolescence

Goleman dedicates significant attention to how emotional intelligence begins to form early in life and how:

• Parenting styles and supportive environments can nurture emotional competencies.
• Academic settings can integrate emotional literacy into curricula to help children develop self-awareness, self-regulation, and empathy.
• Early EI development predicts future success in relationships and careers as it underpins social and emotional well-being.

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5. The Brain and Emotions

The book explores neuroscientific underpinnings, detailing how:

• The amygdala triggers emotional responses, sometimes hijacking rational thinking in high-stress situations (“amygdala hijack”).
• Prefrontal cortex helps regulate impulses and mediate emotional responses.
• EI involves enhancing neural pathways that allow us to pause, reflect, and respond more thoughtfully to emotional stimuli.

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6. EI in the Workplace

Goleman highlights how emotional intelligence manifests in professional settings:

• Leadership effectiveness is strongly tied to EI competencies (empathy, communication, conflict resolution).
• Productive teams often rely on high emotional intelligence among members—those who manage their emotions and collaborate empathetically.
• EI can be developed through coaching, feedback, and intentional practice, making it a skill set that grows over time.

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7. Improving Emotional Intelligence

Crucially, Goleman maintains that emotional intelligence is malleable, providing guidelines such as:

• Self-awareness exercises: journaling moods, reflecting on reactions.
• Self-regulation techniques: mindfulness, stress management, and relaxation strategies.
• Empathy training: active listening, perspective-taking, and open-ended questioning.
• Social skill practice: constructive feedback, conflict-resolution workshops, and leadership training.

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8. Lasting Impact

Upon its release, Emotional Intelligence profoundly influenced:

• Personal development programs: Many schools and workplaces incorporated EI training into curricula.
• Leadership models: Increasing focus on empathy, collaboration, and relationship management.
• Ongoing psychological research: Sparked deeper investigations into non-cognitive skills and well-being.

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