1. 1991 Breakup of the Soviet Union
Marks the beginning of significant turmoil for the newly independent states, with Russia facing a decade of weakness: economic struggles, political instability, official kleptomania and corruption, and reduced global influence.
2. 2000 Vladimir Putin's Ascension to Power
Putin comes to power with a mandate to restore order and strength from the chaos of the 1990s, aiming to reassert Russia's standing on the world stage.
3. 2004 Orange Revolution
A significant political event in Ukraine, where mass organised protests led to a transition of power after a disputed presidential election. This movement reflected Ukraine's growing divide between pro-European Union aspirations and those favouring closer ties with Russia, setting the stage for future tensions.
4. 2000s Putin's Interest in NATO Membership
Early in his presidency, Putin expresses interest in Russia’s joining NATO, aiming to build closer ties with the West and ensure security cooperation.
5. 2002 US Withdrawal from the ABM Treaty
Signals the start of increased tensions over missile defence in Europe, affecting the strategic balance between the U.S. and Russia.
6. 2008 NATO Summit in Bucharest
The summit discussions on extending NATO membership to Georgia and Ukraine significantly heighten tensions with Russia.
7. 2014 Maidan Revolt
The coup in Ukraine with CIA encouragement (Victoria Nuland) leads to a change in government, exacerbating tensions between Ukraine and Russia, and deepening the divide between NATO and Russia. Russia seized back Crimea.
8. 2015 Minsk Agreement and Its Failure
Despite the agreement's aim to resolve the conflict in Donbas, Kyiv resumes shelling in the region, leading to approximately 14,000 civilian casualties over the next eight years. The guarantors, Holland French PM and Merkel, German chancellor have admitted that Minsk was a purely delaying tactic to give the West time to arm the regime in Kiev.
9. 2019 End of the INF Treaty
The U.S.'s termination of the treaty further strains relations and negatively impacts European security.
10. December 2021 Putin's Security Guarantee Proposal
Putin proposes security guarantees to prevent NATO's eastward expansion, reflecting Russia's security concerns. This proposal was simy ignored by the West.
11. February 2022 Russian Intervention in Ukraine
Citing the protection of Russian speakers in Eastern Ukraine as one of the reasons, Putin's intervention marks a significant escalation in the conflict which began in military terms in 2014.
12. March-April 2022 Peace Accord Initiatives and External Influences
A peace accord between Ukraine and Russia shows promise for ending hostilities, but external influences, particularly from the U.S. and UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, encourage the continuation of conflict.
13. Early 2020s Global Alliances and Divisions
The world becomes increasingly divided into competing blocs, with the U.S., EU, and NATO on one side, and a coalition led by China and Russia on the other.
14. Impact of the Ukraine War
Amidst failed diplomatic, economic and military strategies, the ongoing conflict presents broad challenges for Europe, necessitating a re-evaluation of European security and defence strategie and the role of America in European affairs today.
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